How calcium is regulated in the body? Blood calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is produced by the parathyroid glands. PTH is released in response to low blood calcium levels. It increases calcium levels by targeting the skeleton, the kidneys, and the intestine. What is the importance of calcium in the body? […]

What is causal association? — Association between two variables where a change in one makes a change in the other one happen. What is Hill’s criteria of causality? Hill suggested that associations are more likely to be causal when they are specific, meaning the exposure causes only one disease. While Hill understood that some diseases […]

What is the study of virus called? Virology is the study of viruses – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat – and virus-like agents. What is used to classify viruses? Viruses are classified into four groups based on shape: filamentous, isometric (or icosahedral), enveloped, and head and tail. Many viruses […]

What is the evidence for a liquid water ocean on Europa? Mounting Evidence for Water The measurements suggested to scientists that electrically conductive fluid, likely a salty ocean beneath Europa’s ice layer, was causing the magnetic disturbances. When researchers analyzed the magnetic disturbances more closely in 2018, they found evidence of possible plumes. What is […]

Where was the first Christian? Jerusalem Is the word Christian in the Bible? No the word Christianity does not appear in the bible. However, the word Christian does; twice. Jesus Christ is the founder of Christianity, but what is called Christianity today, has deviated far from the simple truths Jesus taught his followers and disciples […]

How do you know if a conclusion is valid? Valid: an argument is valid if and only if it is necessary that if all of the premises are true, then the conclusion is true; if all the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true; it is impossible that all the premises are true […]

What is the symbiotic relationship between humans and bacteria? Commensalism is a relationship between species in which one benefits and the other is unaffected. Humans are host to a variety of commensal bacteria in their bodies that do not harm them but rely on them for survival (e.g. bacteria that consume dead skin). What organisms […]

What is the function of RNA interference? RNA interference (RNAi), a cellular process through which small RNAs target and regulate complementary RNA transcripts, has well-characterized roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation and transposon repression. What do you understand by RNA interference? RNAi is short for “RNA interference” and it refers to a phenomenon where small pieces […]

What hormone stimulates ovarian follicles? GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to produce follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), the hormone responsible for starting follicle (egg) development and causing the level of estrogen, the primary female hormone, to rise. Which cells are stimulated by FSH? In women, this hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary […]

How does cap increase transcription of the lac operon? As it turns out, RNA polymerase alone does not bind very well to the lac operon promoter. The cAMP attaches to CAP, allowing it to bind DNA. CAP helps RNA polymerase bind to the promoter, resulting in high levels of transcription. What role do cAMP and […]